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Some equipment damage from surges and spikes can be prevented by use of surge protection equipment. Voltage spikes may be longitudinal (common) mode or metallic (normal or differential) mode. However voltage spikes can also have more mundane causes such as a fault in a transformer or higher-voltage (primary circuit) power wires falling onto lower-voltage (secondary circuit) power wires as a result of accident or storm damage. Voltage spikes, also known as surges, may be created by a rapid buildup or decay of a magnetic field, which may induce energy into the associated circuit. An avalanche diode, transient voltage suppression diode, varistor, overvoltage crowbar, or a range of other overvoltage protective devices can divert ( shunt) this transient current thereby minimizing voltage. In semiconductor junctions, excessive electric current may destroy or severely weaken that device. Current from a discharging inductor is one example.įor sensitive electronics, excessive current can flow if this voltage spike exceeds a material's breakdown voltage, or if it causes avalanche breakdown. Voltage would increase as necessary so that a constant current will flow. However some voltage spikes may be created by current sources. The effect of a voltage spike is to produce a corresponding increase in current ( current spike). In the design of critical infrastructure and military hardware, one concern is of pulses produced by nuclear explosions, whose nuclear electromagnetic pulses distribute large energies in frequencies from 1 kHz into the gigahertz range through the atmosphere.

Electromagnetic pulses (EMP) with electromagnetic energy distributed typically up to the 100 kHz and 1 MHz frequency range.

Malfunctions caused by the power company.

Power transitions in other large equipment on the same power line.

In electrical engineering, spikes are fast, short duration electrical transients in voltage ( voltage spikes), current ( current spikes), or transferred energy ( energy spikes) in an electrical circuit.įast, short duration electrical transients ( overvoltages) in the electric potential of a circuit are typically caused by

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